The sampling methods that the team uses to study mammal populations, and which are led by one or two mammal team coordinators, include unbounded line transects, camera traps, track traps, GPS-enabled species encounters mapping, and to a limited degree pitfall traplines for small rodents. The latter method (pitfall traps) is achieved in collaboration with the herpetofauna team. Each field site has 4-8 line transects (totalling 8-24 km in length) which are sampled in the early morning, late afternoon, and at night; 10-20 camera traps operating 24 hrs a day; 8-16 pitfall traps (site-dependent and managed by the Herpetofauna team); 15-30 track traps (site and season dependent); and the team is also equipped with 2-3 handheld GPS receivers to collect precise geographic coordinate data of mammal encounters and the location of key feeding trees in the case of focal primate group follows. Each week, sampling is undertaken on 4-6 mornings depending on weather conditions, alternating between line transects and primate follows, and similarly on 3-5 afternoons or evenings. Morning sampling begins at or just after dawn (5:30-6 am); afternoon sampling begins at 3:30 pm once the air temperature has dropped and diurnal mammal species activity levels increase; and the evening or nocturnal sampling begins at 8 pm. Sampling periods last anywhere between 3-5 hours depending on the method. While conducting an unbounded line transect, the team uses all their senses (visual, acoustic, smell) to locate and identify the presence of terrestrial and arboreal mammals on either side of the transect. Close scrutiny of the ground is also required in order to observe tracks, scats and other species-specific sign. When track traps are located on a transect, a couple of minutes are spent inspecting these too. All encounter and presence data is recorded in relation to its distance along a transect and frequently involves the use of a GPS. Straight-line and perpendicular distances between observers and animals are carefully measured to the nearest metre and recorded in the datasheets. When undertaking primate group follows, the team employs both continuous sampling (specifically of the geographic location of the primate group) as well as scan sampling, the latter of which is undertaken at 10-minute intervals to record the behaviour of each individual in the primate group. The continuous GPS data is used to map primate group home range size and shape, using GIS software. When a primate group begins feeding in a tree (on fruit or flowers), the team also records the location of this tree and takes fruit and flower samples back to camp to aid its identification. Understanding the diversity of food sources is important when planning primate conservation programs. Dung samples from primates and other mammal species may also be collected. Data analysis and visualisation programs that we use include R, SPSS, Distance, Mark, Estimates, and QGIS.